Sūn Quán (孙权)

**Sun Quan (孙权): The Founding Emperor of Eastern Wu** **Early Life and Background** Sun Quan (182–252 CE), courtesy name Zhongmou, was born into a powerful military family in Fuchun (modern Hangzhou). His father, Sun Jian, was a renowned general, and his elder brother, Sun Ce, laid the foundation for the Sun family’s dominance in southeastern China. After Sun Ce’s death in 200 CE, the 18-year-old Sun Quan inherited control of the Jiangdong region, proving himself a capable leader despite his youth. **Major Achievements and Contributions** Sun Quan’s greatest accomplishment was establishing the state of **Eastern Wu** (229–280 CE), one of the **Three Kingdoms** alongside Wei and Shu. He skillfully defended his territory against invasions, notably defeating **Cao Cao** at the **Battle of Red Cliffs (208 CE)** in alliance with **Liu Bei**. Later, he solidified his rule by declaring himself emperor in 229 CE. Under his reign, Wu prospered economically and militarily, with advancements in agriculture, shipbuilding, and maritime trade—even sending expeditions to **Taiwan (Yizhou)** in 230 CE. **Historical Significance** Sun Quan’s leadership ensured the survival of Wu as a major power during the turbulent Three Kingdoms period. His diplomatic cunning—balancing alliances and betrayals—shaped the era’s politics. His reign also marked the rise of the **Jiangnan region** (southern China) as a cultural and economic hub. **Interesting Facts** - Known for his **purple beard**, Sun Quan was nicknamed "**Lord of the Purple Beard**." - He famously tested his general **Zhou Tai’s loyalty** by having him recount his battle scars at a banquet. - Sun Quan’s sister, **Sun Shangxiang**, married Liu Bei in a politically charged (and short-lived) union. **Legacy** Sun Quan remains a symbol of **resilient leadership** and regional governance. His legacy endures in Chinese literature, such as **"Romance of the Three Kingdoms,"** where he is portrayed as a shrewd but sometimes indecisive ruler. Today, he is celebrated in Jiangsu and Zhejiang as a foundational figure in southern China’s history. Sun Quan’s reign exemplifies how strategic vision and adaptability can shape an empire—and a dynasty.