Kǒng Míng (孔明)

**Kong Ming (Zhuge Liang): The Brilliant Strategist of the Three Kingdoms** **Early Life and Background** Zhuge Liang (181–234), also known as Kong Ming, was born in Yangdu, Shandong, during the turbulent late Han Dynasty. Orphaned young, he lived a reclusive life in Longzhong, studying military strategy, astronomy, and governance. His reputation as a genius earned him the nickname "Crouching Dragon" (卧龙). **Major Achievements** Zhuge Liang rose to prominence when Liu Bei, founder of Shu Han, sought his counsel in 207 AD. His *Longzhong Plan* outlined a strategy for uniting China under Liu Bei, leading to the formation of the Three Kingdoms. As Shu’s chancellor, he reformed agriculture, strengthened the military, and stabilized governance. His tactical brilliance shone in campaigns against Cao Wei, including the famed *Battle of Red Cliffs* (208 AD), where he used fire attacks to defeat a larger force. **Historical Significance** Zhuge Liang became a symbol of wisdom and loyalty. His writings, like *The Art of War* commentaries, influenced Chinese military thought. Though Shu ultimately fell, his efforts prolonged its survival against stronger rivals. **Interesting Facts** - He invented the "repeating crossbow" and "wooden ox" (an early transport device). - A master of deception, he once scared off an enemy army by playing the lute atop an empty city wall—the legendary *"Empty Fort Strategy."* **Legacy** Zhuge Liang is immortalized in literature, notably *Romance of the Three Kingdoms*, which idealizes his intellect and virtue. Today, he symbolizes strategic genius and devotion, revered in Chinese culture, business, and even video games. His legacy endures as a paragon of wisdom and loyalty.